Table 1
Comparison of humoral immune responses after heterologous COVID-19 vaccinations
| Source | Country | Design | Samples ( N) | Age (years) | Male N (%) | Interval of boost | Anti-S protein Ab | Neutralizing Ab | T cell response |
| Logunov et al. [ 3] | Russia | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial | 21,977 | 45.3 | 12,158 (61.2) | 21 days | rAd26/rAd5 > Placebo | rAd26/rAd5 > Placebo | rAd26/rAd5 > Placebo |
| Schmidt et al. [ 4] | Germany | Observational study | 216 | 40.8 | 64 (43.0) | 10–12 weeks | ChAd/BNT > ChAd/ChAd; ChAd/BNT ≈ BNT/BNT | ChAd/BNT > ChAd/ChAd; ChAd/BNT > BNT/BNT | ChAd/BNT > ChAd/ChAd; |
| Tenbusch et al. [ 5] | Germany | Observational study | 1085 | 38–57 | 354 (32.6) | 10–12 weeks | – | ChAd/BNT > ChAd/ChAd; ChAd/BNT > BNT/BNT; BNT/BNT > ChAd/ChAd | – |
| Borobia et al. [ 6] | Spain | Randomized controlled phase 2 trial | 676 | 43.98 | 294 (43.0) | 8–12 weeks | ChAd/BNT > ChAd | ChAd/BNT > ChAd | ChAd/BNT > ChAd |
| Liu et al. [ 7] | UK | Randomized, participant-blind trial | 830 | 57.8 | 450 (54.2) | 28 or 84 days | ChAd/BNT ≈ ChAd/ ChAd; ChAd/BNT ≈ BNT/BNT; BNT/ChAd < BNT/ BNT | ChAd/BNT > ChAd/ChAd; ChAd/BNT ≈ BNT/BNT; BNT/ChAd < BNT/ BNT | ChAd/BNT > ChAd/ ChAd ChAd/BNT > BNT/BNT; BNT/ChAd ≈ BNT/ BNT |
| Cao et al. [ 9] | China | A single-center, open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial | 164 | ~40 | 47 (28.6) | 4 weeks/ 4–8 months | 2IVV/ZNF2001 > 3IVV | 2IVV+ZNF2001 >3IVV | – |
| Ai et al. [ 10] | China | A single center prospective, open-label, randomized ontrolled clinical trial | 122 | 24–52 | 53 (43.4) | 4 weeks/ 4–8 months | 2IVV/ZNF2001 > 3IVV | 2IVV+ZNF2001 >3IVV | 2IVV+ZNF2001 >3IVV |
| Keskin et al. [ 11] | Turkey | Observational study | 45 | ~41 | – | 6 months | 2IVV/BNT > 3IVV | 2IVV/BNT > 3IVV | – |
Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; BNT, BNT162b2 vaccine; BNT/BNT: homologous vaccination with BNT as both prime and booster; BNT/ChAd: prime with BNT followed by a ChAdOx1 booster; ChAd, ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine; ChAd/BNT: prime with ChAd followed by a BNT booster; ChAd/ChAd: homologous vaccination with ChAd as both prime and booster; IVV, inactivated whole virus vaccine; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; S, spike protein; 2IVV, two‐dose inactivated whole virus vaccine; 2IVV+BNT, two‐dose inactivated whole virus vaccine followed by a third BNT booster; 3IVV, three times inactivated whole virus vaccine.
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