(A) Possible reaction mechanisms of toluene degradation and catalyst regeneration [67]; (B) the calculated reaction coordinates for benzyl oxidation (path 1–3) and aromatic ring-opening (path 4–7) [68]; (C) free energy of conversion processes of toluene to benzoic acid via the route of toluene→benzyl alcohol→benzaldehyde→benzoic acid on STO and CTO, IS (initial state), FS (final state) [69]; (D) illustration of the role of Ba active sites in photocatalytic toluene decomposition on SBTO [70]; (E) illustration of the viral effect for lattice oxygen activation in photocatalytic toluene decomposition on Sr₂Sb₂O₇ [71]; (F) schematic for photocatalytic oxidation of toluene over ZT-LDH [72].