Both direct and indirect mutualistic effects and each species’ total impact on a seed-dispersal mutualistic network . (A) and (B) Quantitative direct benign mutualistic effects ( -matrix) and overall influence of different species on others through both direct and indirect interactions (T-matrix). Purple dots in the matrix indicate the species in the column have a larger influence on species in the row, whereas white dots suggest weaker influence. (C) The structure of the bipartite network, where sizes, types, and colors of nodes indicate their degrees, classes, and s: larger nodes have more direct interactions. Diamonds denote plants while circles are dispersers; nodes with warmer color exert greater impact on the network through multiple paths. Among the nodes, we highlight two white-edged nodes that have identical degrees but have varying values, i.e., total influence including direct and indirect effects. For two patterned nodes, we indicate their direct interaction in black, and one of the indirect interactions in green.