Relationship between the biodiversity loss and different indicators. (200 independent simulation runs) (A) and (B) The secondary extinction in an 8-component seed-disperser ecosystem. Removing species leads to massive biodiversity and interaction loss. Here, the local ecosystem may suffer remarkable degradation as shown in (B) compared with the original state. (C) Fitting secondary extinction size and , degree, (weighted degree), (betweenness centrality) with a linear model after removing a single species. (D) Species with higher impact on the network (larger ) have larger disposition to induce massive secondary extinction. Dashed lines in different colors show the fitted linear model of different networks, which show the size evolution of secondary extinction along increasing . Here colder color suggests larger networks while warmer color represents the smaller ones. The smaller pictures show two fitting curves with small and large slopes, which indicate small and large secondary extinction trends, respectively.