(A) Scheme and (B) free energy diagrams of the distal and the alternating mechanisms for the nitrogen reduction process on the Pt-SACs/CTF catalyst. (C) Optimized structures of reaction intermediates in the distal and the alternating mechanisms. (D) Free energy diagrams of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to CO by the Bi₃O₄Br and Co-Bi₃O₄Br. (E) Free energy diagram for the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to CO on LZS (001). The local configurations of the adsorbates on the LZS are shown as inserts at the initial state, the transition state, and the final state along the minimum-energy pathway (C, O, and H atoms of the adsorbates are represented by gray, light-green, and light-blue spheres, respectively). (A–C) Adapted with permission from Ref. [95], copyright 2020 American Chemical Society; (D) adapted with permission from Ref. [96], licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License; (E) adapted with permission from Ref. [97], copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH.