Representative NPM-SACs/CS are supported by carbon materials by the impregnation adsorption method. (A) M NP@NCF/CNF (M = Co, Ni) was obtained by impregnation growth, carbonization, and acid etching. Reproduced with permission from ref. [95]. Copyright©2019, John Wiley and Sons. (B) SACs-N/PC was obtained by impregnation, absorption, and pyrolysis. Reproduced with permission from ref. [96]. Copyright©2021, American Chemical Society. (C) Ni SACs with automated production. Reproduced with permission from ref. [97]. Copyright©2022, Springer Nature.