Hydroformylation over polyoxometalates supported single-atom Rh catalysts

Special Topic: Chemistry Boosts Carbon Neutrality

Open Access

Table 1

Hydroformylation of styrene ^a


Catalyst	n-Aldehyde (%)	iso-Aldehyde (%)	Saturated products (%)	Conversion (%)	n-/iso-
Rh₁/K-PTA	0.32	0.26	0.1	0.7	1.2
Rh₁/Rb-PTA	7.22	5.95	0.4	13.6	1.2
Rh₁/Cs-PTA	25.99	21.47	1.9	49.4	1.2
Rh₁/Cs-PTA ^b	6.01	5.74	0.1	11.9	1.1
Rh₁/Cs-PTA ^c	27.96	20.38	6.6	54.9	1.4
Rh₁/Cs-PTA ^d	18.50	8.50	<0.1	27.0	2.2
Rh₁/Cs-PTA ^e	10.12	4.90	<0.1	15.0	2.1
Rh₁/ZrO₂	3.06	3.01	1.4	7.5	1.0
Rh₁/TiO₂	21.36	20.66	1.53	43.5	1.0
Rh₁/CeO₂	27.24	23.55	2.6	53.4	1.2

a: Otherwise stated, the conditions are: 20 mg catalyst, 2 mmol styrene, 3 mL toluene, 2 MPa H₂/CO (1:1), 100°C,5 h. b: Temperature = 80°C. c: Temperature = 120°C. d: Substrate = allylbenzene. e: Substrate = phenylbutene.

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