Table 1
List of crucial petroleum microbes (genus level) with their specific characteristics supporting the marine industry
| Petroleum microbes | Characteristics for supporting the relevant marine industry |
| Alcanivorax | Offshore oil and gas: Boosting quickly when facing hydrocarbons―their monitoring can provide information on the oil reservoir and oil spills [73]; Producing biosurfactants (anionic glycolipids) for microbial-enhanced oil recovery [75]; Degrading alkanes via beta-oxidation pathway for the mitigation of oily wastes [26]. Fishery: Degrading synthetic polyesters and PE plastic wastes [76]; Synthesizing PHA polymers for waste valorization [77]. |
| Desulfomicrobium | Offshore oil and gas: Notorious sulfate-reducing bacteria―their monitoring can provide information on corrosion-related oil activities [33]. |
| Pseudomonas | Offshore oil and gas: Producing biosurfactants (rhamnolipids) for microbial-enhanced oil recovery [78]; Degrading petroleum hydrocarbons for the mitigation of oily wastes [79]. Shipping: Biodenitrogenation of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (e.g., carbazole and carbazone) and biodesulfurization of DBT for oil upgrading [80]; Acting as the platform to produce biofuels such as ethanol, butanol, and value-added hydroxy acids [81,82]. Fishery: Depolymerizing several plastics like PVC, PE, and PS [83]; Using wastes to synthesize various pharmaceutical and agricultural bioproducts, such as PHA polymers and biosurfactants, for sustainable production [84]. |
| Rhodococcus | Offshore oil and gas: Producing biosurfactants (trehalolipids) for microbial-enhanced oil recovery [85]; Degrading petroleum hydrocarbons for the mitigation of oily wastes [86]. Shipping: Biodenitrogenation and biodesulfurization of heavy oils supporting oil upgrading [87]; Producing biodiesel [88]. Fishery: Degrading plastics potential for the biodegradation of diverse plastics from genome-based observation [89]; Producing various products such as biosurfactants and triacylglycerol using fish wastes [90]. |
| Bacillus | Offshore oil and gas: Producing biosurfactants (lipopeptides) for microbial-enhanced oil recovery [91]; Degrading petroleum hydrocarbons and secreting biosurfactants to add to the mitigation of oily wastes [92]. Shipping: Secreting cytochrome C reductase as biocatalyst for heavy oil biodemetallization [23]; Producing isoprenoid-based biofuels via genetic modification [93,94]. Fishery: Biodegradation of diverse plastics such as PE and PS [95]; Producing various valuable chemicals such as biosurfactants, gelatin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, and PHA polymers using fish wastes [96,97]. |
| Cycloclasticus | Offshore oil and gas: Degrading aromatics in petroleum hydrocarbons for the mitigation of oily wastes [73]. Fishery: Degrading plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) [98]. |
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