Table 2
Type 1 literature: LID modelling under future climate scenarios a
| LID | Spatial | Temporal | Methods | Outcomes | Ref. |
| RB, GR, PP | Medium | Events | InfoWorks Integrated Catchment Modeling + rain intensity annual increases. | Traditional drainage system adaptation measures with LID practices alleviated flooding by 45.4%. Integrated scheme combing both methods are most effective in reducing flooding under future climate change. | [28] |
| Large | Events | Physically-based geospatial index identify the need for LIDs under different climate change scenarios. | Pattern of rainfall after losses has significant influence on hydrograph. | [29] | |
| BR, GR, PP, RB, Other | Large | Continuous | Long-term hydrologic impact assessment-low impact development 2.1 (L-THIA-LID 2.1) model + climate data. | Runoff/pollutants from 2011/2050 landuse-climate scenarios can be reduced to 2001 landuse-climate levels with green infrastructure. Can also reduce TP and TN to 2001 levels. | [30] |
| BR, RG, PP, IT, RB |
Large | Events | Multi-objective genetic algorithm coupled with the stormwater management model (SWMM). Downscaled precipitation from MIROC6 and CMCC-ESM2. | Peak flow and total runoff volume may be reduced by 30% in future climate with LIDs. IT performed better in reducing the peak flow and runoff volume vs. BR but maximum reduction of runoff volumes and peaks observed with combination of RB, BR, IT. | [31] |
| GR, PP, BR, GS | Small | Case study and simulation with GIS-based spatial evaluation model + fuzzy comprehensive evaluation module and a multi-objective optimization algorithm. | GR are more cost-effective and less space-constrained, followed by PP and GS. BRs and ponds space requirements are constraining suggesting a combination strategy of LIDs is best. | [32] | |
| BR | Large | Con-tinuous | SWMM model + downscaled climate data | Increase in stormwater depth is greater than the increase in precipitation and increase in pollutant load. High impermeability catchments could offset adverse effects by 13.5%. BR could offset effects on NPS pollutants and CSOs were 40% and 70%, respectively. | [33] |
| BR, PP, RB | Large | Events con-tinuous | USEPA SWMM5 + change factor methodology | LIDs provided reduction of 41% annual total volume, 8% peak flow rates. LID can mitigate 2 and 50-yr return period rainfall by 28% and 14%, respectively. | [34] |
| GS, BR, IT | Large | Events | Hybrid SWMM and LARS-WG downscaling technique with GCM outputs | LIDs decreased runoff volume, TSS and BOD demand by on average approximately 60%, 24%, and 16%, respectively. | [35] |
| BR | Small medium large | Events | SWMM + RCM data quantile-matching methodology | BR areas of 7.2%, 6.7%, and 8.6% control peaks for 2-, 10, 100-yr design storms, respectively. BR areas of 6.3%, 6.8%, and over 10.0% for same events, respectively, for removal of TSS. BR impacts on hydrological performance are not obvious when scale exceeds 7%. | [36] |
| PP, BR | Small | Events | SWMM + RCP2.6, 4.5 6.0, 8.5 climate data + cost effectiveness analysis | Effectiveness of PP and BRs varied non-linearly with the extent of PP and BRs used. Fluctuation of hydrological performance of PP > BRs in RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. PP and BRs not suited for heavy storms with longer return period. | [37] |
| PP, GR, BR | Medium | Events con-tinuous | SWMM + GCM downscaling of RCP2.6, 4.5, 8.5 | In the given area, LIDs mitigated runoff volume, peak flow, and non-point pollution by 45%–80%, 39%–60%, and 31%–82%, respectively. LID hydraulic performance declined under all three climate scenarios and water quality performance fluctuated. | [38] |
| BR, IT | Small | Events | SWMM and SWMM modified with water quality module | Hydrological results varied depending on the rainfall scenarios, whereas the water quality results were significantly influenced by the temporal distribution of rainfall. | [39] |
| PP | Small | Events | SWMM + GCM downscaling RCP 4.5 and 8.5 | LID facility installation can mitigate flooding runoff by 30% in both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, with a long-term positive impact. | [40] |
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