AI-driven prediction of interfacial characterization techniques. (A) Schematic of the XPS prediction by ML combined with HAIR simulations [47]. (B) Processes for ML-based impedance spectroscopy prediction through partial charging curves [102]. (C) The feature set and models to predict the EIS spectra by ML [44]. (A) Adapted with permission from Ref. [47], Copyright©2022, American Chemical Society. (B) Adapted with permission from Ref. [102], Copyright©2023, Elsevier. (C) Adapted with permission from Ref. [44], Copyright©2022, Elsevier.