Summary of LIBs ageing mechanisms and battery lifetime prediction. (A) The ageing stress factors and the resultant internal degradation mechanisms and modes leading to observable performance metrics [112]. (B) The schematic of the battery degradation diagnosis framework [116]. (C) The workflow of interpretable hybrid ML [117]. (D) The workflow of ML to RUL prediction [122]. (A) Adapted with permission from Ref. [112], Copyright©2019, Elsevier. (B) Adapted with permission from Ref. [116], Copyright©2022, Elsevier. (C) Adapted with permission from Ref. [117], Copyright©2022, John Wiley and Sons. (D) Adapted with permission from Ref. [122], Copyright©2021, Licensee MDPI.