Study on the hybrid energy storage for industrial park energy systems: Advantages, current status, and challenges

Special Topic: Energy Systems of Low Carbon Buildings

Open Access

Review

Table 1

Performance comparison of typical electricity storage methods [18,61‒64]

Energy storage types		Specific energy (Wh/kg)	Specific power (W/kg)	Rated power	Energy storage efficiency (%)	Capacity cost ($/kWh)	Response time	Cycle life	Continuous charging-discharging time	Advantage	Limitations
Electrochemical energy storage	Lead-acid battery	30‒50	75‒300	≤50 MW	70‒80	60‒80	100-millisecond level	500‒1200 cycles	min-h	Mature technology, low cost	Short service life, lead contamination
	Lead-carbon battery	40‒60	300‒400	≤50 MW	85‒95	130‒160	100-millisecond level	1000‒4500 cycles	min-h	Mature technology, higher specific power	Low specific energy, lead contamination
	Sodium-sulfur battery	150‒300	90‒230	0.01‒100 MW	80‒90	350‒450	100-millisecond level	2500‒4500 cycles	min-h	High specific energy and power	Safety concerns, high weight and size, material degradation
	Flow battery	20‒70	50‒140	5 kW‒100 MW	75‒85	600‒800	100-millisecond level	≥12000 cycles	min-h	Long service life, can 100% charge-discharge, low environmental impact	Low specific energy and power, high cost
	Lithium battery	100‒300	100‒400	1 kW‒100 MW	90‒95	130‒160	100-millisecond level	1000‒5000 cycles	min-h	High specific energy and power, long lifespan	High cost, safety concerns
	Supercapacitor	5‒50	500‒5000	0.01‒1 MW	95‒98	1500‒2000	Millisecond level	100,000 cycles	ms-min	Fast response, high specific power	Low specific energy, high cost
Physical energy storage	Pumped storage	0.5‒2	‒	10‒500 MW	70‒80	250‒350	Minute level	30‒60 years	h-d	Long lifecycle, suitable for large-scale power storage, proven technology	Slow response, geographical limitations, high initial costs, integration complexity, environmental concerns
	Compressed air energy storage	30‒60	‒	10‒300 MW	50‒70	250‒350	Minute level	20‒40 years	h-d	Large scale storage, long lifespan, decent round-trip efficiency	Slow response, limited by geographical resource
	Flywheel energy storage	20‒80	400‒1600	1 kW‒1 MW	90‒95	>7000	Millisecond level	2000‒100,000 cycles	s-min	Rapid response time, high specific power, long lifespan	High initial costs, high noise, safety concerns, bearing wear
Electromagnetic energy storage	Superconducting magnetic energy storage	0.5‒5	500‒2000	0.1‒10 MW	95‒98	>15,000	Millisecond level	100,000 cycles	ms-s	Rapid response time, high specific power, long lifespan	High initial costs, short energy storage duration, safety concerns, large size

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