Table 4
Comparison of phase transition rates of electrochromic and thermochromic smart windows
| Stimuli | Type | Material | Switching speed (s) | Ref. |
| Electrochromic | Inorganic metal oxides | WO3 | 7.28, 2.64 | [60] |
| WO3 | 12, 5 | [61] | ||
| NiO@C | 11.5, 9.5 | [62] | ||
| W18O49 HMP | 8.6, 7 | [63] | ||
| Organic polymers | DAT-DMP | <5 | [64] | |
| PANI | 5.9, 16.9 | [65] | ||
| PA-ECD | 17.6, 28.5 | [66] | ||
| Liquid | DDCLC with CB7CB | 0.117 | [67] | |
| DDCLC | 1.22 | [68] | ||
| 5CB-based supramolecular LC | 0.2 | [69] | ||
| Thermochromic | VO2 | W-doped VO2/starch derivative hybrid | 300 | [70] |
| VO2-W18O49 composite film | 174 | [71] | ||
| Liquid | IDI-LC | 120 | [72] | |
| CNT-PDB | 1.2 | [73] | ||
| Hydrogel | pNIPAm−AEMA microgels | 300 | [56] | |
| HPC/PAA hydrogel | 84 | [30] | ||
| PHC-Gel | 10.6 | [74] | ||
| HPC-PAA/CDs hydrogel | 30 | This work |
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