Table 1
The definitions and energy boundaries of NZEBs and ZEBs in different countries and areas
| Nos. | Countries/Area | Definition | Energy boundary |
| 1 | Europe | NZEB: a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. Primary energy use 50–90 kW h/(m2 a) for single family house; 80–100 kW h/(m2 a) for office building [9]. | Heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, and lighting. |
| 2 | Denmark | NZEB: a building that reduces the energy consumption of the building by 75% in relation to the 2006 level [10]. | Heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, and lighting. |
| 3 | Germany | Passive House: a building that ensures comfort while achieving an energy saving of more than 90% compared with existing buildings, and an energy saving of more than 75% compared with new buildings [11]. | Total building energy consumption, or building cooling and heating load, alternatively meet the standard. |
| NZEB: a building that does not use more than 40% of the annual primary energy consumption of the corresponding reference building (for refurbishments: no more than 55%). | Heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, and lighting. | ||
| 4 | US | ZEB: an energy-efficient building, for which, on a source energy basis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-site renewable exported energy [12]. | Total building energy consumption: at minimum, including heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, indoor and outdoor lighting, plug loads, process energy, elevators and conveying systems, and intra-building transportation. |
| 5 | Canada | Net-zero energy ready building: a building that saves more than 80% energy compared with current energy efficiency standards. Net-zero energy building means on-site (or near-site) renewable energy systems produce the remaining energy needed [13]. | Total building energy consumption: all energy sources used to keep buildings warm, cool, ventilated, lit, and powered. |
| 6 | Japan | NZEB: a building that reduces energy consumption by more than 75% compared with conventional buildings [14]. | Compliance is determined based on relative energy-saving rate, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, domestic hot water, and elevators. |
| 7 | Korea | NZEB: a building that is rated class 1 or above according to the “Building Energy Efficiency Grading Certification Standard”. | Building service-related energy consumption, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, and domestic hot water. |
| 8 | China | NZEB: a building that significantly reduces energy demand through passive technologies, improves energy efficiency through active technologies, and highly utilizes renewable energy. Primary energy use indicators: ≤55 kW h/(m2 a) for residential buildings; energy efficiency improvement rate ≥60%. | Energy consumption related to building services, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, domestic hot water, and elevators. |
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