Modeled temperature stabilization and evaluation of energy savings. (A and B) Modeled temperature profiles of the PTR, a radiative cooler, and a solar absorber in winter and summer in Nanjing, respectively. The ambient temperature is also presented. Compared with the radiative cooler and solar absorber, the PTR shows better performance in temperature stabilization. (C and D) Monthly and annual energy consumption for stabilizing the temperature (21/24°C in winter/summer) in Nanjing, respectively. (E) The PTR is calculated to realize relative energy savings of 39% and 57%, in comparison with a radiative cooler and a solar absorber, respectively. (F) Relative energy savings enabled by the PTR for the cities located in different climate zones.