Multivalent cooperative enhancement of f-block metal selectivity. (a) Demonstration of nature inspired multivalent cooperative binding enhancements in the case of burr (top) and antivirus drugs (bottom). (b) A supramolecular lanthanides separation reported by Sun et al. based on the concept of multivalent cooperative enhancement. (c) A supramolecular actinides separation reported by Mei et al. through in-situ formation of self-assembled metal-organic nanocages. Panel (a) is recreated with permission from Ref [180] by courtesy of the John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Panel (b) is recreated with permission from Ref [183] by courtesy of the Springer Nature Limited. Panel (c) is recreated with permission from Ref [184] by courtesy of the American Chemical Society.