Principle and process effect of self-confined electrohydrodynamic printing on micro-structured substrates. (A) Schematics for the fabrication process of Ag/Cu mesh film; (B) FTEs with an embedded metal mesh; (C), (D) the optical and SEM images of FTEs with an embedded Ag/Cu mesh; (E) comparison of copper electroplating on the PDMS plane and in the PDMS micro-grooves; (F) comparison of FTEs made in other works [15–36].