Tribo-thermoelectric coupling effect. (A) Three-dimensional (3D) schematic for the experiment setup and structure of the TVNG. (B) Open-circuit voltage output, (C) short-circuit current output, and (D) temperature of the TVNG under a steady state. (E) Energy band diagram of n-type silicon and metal. Adapted with permission from Ref. [47]. Copyright©2020, Elsevier. (F) The current density of semiconductor materials with different work functions and the schematic image of the TVNG. (G) Respective average temperature difference distributions. (H) Normalized Seebeck effect voltage. Adapted with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright©2023, American Chemical Society.