Temperature dependence of TVNG based on different semiconductor materials. (A)–(C) The TVNG of Cu and pSi at low temperatures. Adapted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright©2021, John Wiley and Sons. (D)–(F) The TVNG of deionized water and Si at high temperatures. Adapted with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright©2021, John Wiley and Sons. (G), (H) The TVNG of Cu and pSi at high temperatures. Adapted with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright©2023, Elsevier. (I), (J) The TVNG of Cu and SiC at high temperatures. Adapted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright©2022, American Chemical Society. (K), (L) The TVNG-based perovskite materials at high temperatures. Adapted with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright©2023, John Wiley and Sons.