Table 1
Different energy harvest technologies
| Aspect | Tribovoltaic effect | Photovoltaic effect (PV) | Thermoelectric effect (TE) | Multi-physics coupled tribovoltaic effect |
| Energy source | Mechanical energy (vibrations motion) | Solar energy (light) | Thermal energy (temperature gradients) | Multiple sources: mechanical, solar, thermal |
| Advantages | Simple structure, works in dynamic environments | High efficiency under direct sunlight | Harvest waste heat, no moving | Continuous, more stable across varying conditions |
| Efficiency | Dependent on the material and motion, to be explored | High under optimal sunlight conditions, (15%–25%) | Dependent on temperature gradient (5%–8%) | Higher to be explored due to the synergy of multiple effects |
| Device flexibility | High, can be made flexible | Generally rigid (silicon-based) | Generally rigid, though flexible TE materials exist | High, with potential for flexible designs |
| Applications | Energy harvesting devices, wearable devices, motion sensors | Solar panels, outdoor devices | Waste heat recovery, thermal sensors | Broad applications: wearables, IoT, remote sensing, environmental monitoring |
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