2D vdWHs. (A) Building vdWHs with various 2D materials. From top to bottom: graphene, hBN, MoS₂, WSe₂ and fluorographene. Adapted with permission from ref. [18]. (B) vdW complementary inverters. From top to bottom: Ti, MoS₂, graphene, Bi₂Sr₂Co₂O₈, graphene. Adapted with permission from ref. [17]. (C) Atomically thin vdW p-n junctions. From top to bottom: graphene, MoS₂, WSe₂ and graphene. Adapted with permission from ref. [23]. (D) vdW plasmonic device. Adapted with permission from ref. [25]. (E) vdW spintronic device. Adapted with permission from ref. [26]. (F) Twisted bilayer graphene with Moiré pattern. Adapted with permission from ref. [32].