Open Access
Review
Table 1
Representative examples of superstructures
| Structure | Components | Material classification | Method | Strategy | Years | Reference |
| Multi-block |  Poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(methyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene (PAA-b-PMA-b-PS) 2,2′-(Ethylenedioxy)diethylamine (EDDA) |
Copolymers | Solution assembly | Regulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions | 2007 | [119] |
 PtII and PdII |
Copolymers made by organometallic complexes | Solution assembly | Out-of-equilibrium assembly | 2020 | [120] | |
| Ln-MOF | Metal organic framework (MOF) | Solvothermal synthesis | Step-by-step epitaxial growth | 2019 | [121] | |
 [Ir(ppy)2(pzpy)](PF6) [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2 |
Transition metal complexes | Solution assembly | One-pot/stepwise growth | 2018 | [122] | |
| Benzo[ghi]perylene-1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (BTB) Benzo[ghi]perylene-tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (BTP) |
Organic small molecules | Solution assembly | Hierarchical epitaxial growth Lattice matching |
2021 | [123] | |
| 0D hollow Core/multi-shell |
Chromium (III) terephthalate MOF (MIL-101) | MOF | Hydrothermal reaction | Step-by-step Subsequent etching processes |
2017 | [131] |
| Cobalt-imidazole-based MOF (ZIF-67). | MOF | Solution assembly | Shell-by-shell soft-templating method Solvent washing |
2020 | [134] | |
| 1D hollow Core/multi-shell |
Dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (DgpC) Tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (TFP) 1,2,4,5-Tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) |
Organic small molecules | Solution assembly | Non-covalent interaction regulation Lattice matching |
2021 | [135] |
| Benzo[ghi]perylene-1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (BTB) Benzo[ghi]perylene-tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (BTP) |
Organic small molecules | Solution assembly | Hierarchical epitaxial growth Lattice matching |
2021 | [123] | |
| Hyperbranch | BaWO4 | Metallic oxide | Solvothermal synthesis | Double-hydrophilic block copolymers modification | 2003 | [136] |
| Bis(phenyl-ethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) 9,10-p-distyrylbenzene (DSB) |
Organic small molecules | Solution assembly | Temperature regulation Lattice matching |
2022 | [138] | |
| p-Distyrylbenzene Tetracene 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene 5,12-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene |
Organic small molecules | Solution assembly | One-pot co-assembly route Stepwise seeded growth method |
2021 | [139] | |
| Bis(phenyl-ethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) 9-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (MCzT) |
Organic small molecules | Solution assembly | Concentration regulation Lattice matching |
2019 | [140] | |
| ZnO | Metallic oxide | Vapor transport and condensation technique | Lattice matching | 2002 | [141] | |
| ZnO | Metallic oxide | High temperature solid-vapor deposition | Two-step process | 2004 | [142] | |
| 1,3,5,7-Tetrakis(4-(pyridyl-4′-yl-ethynyl)phenyl]adamantine (TPEPA) Cu(NO3)2 |
Organic crystal | Solvothermal synthesis | Metal-Coordination-Induced | 2018 | [143] | |
| Network | Bi2S3 | Metal sulfide | Solvothermal synthesis | Solvent etching Crystal transformation |
2008 | [144] |
| Benzoperylene (BP) 1,3-Dicyanotetrafluorobenzene (1,3-DTFB) 1,4-Dicyanotetrafluorobenzene (1,4-DTFB) |
Organic crystal | Solution assembly | Template sacrifice Crystal transformation |
2020 | [145] | |
| C60∙xylene | Fullerenes solvate crystals | Solution-phase strategy | Free energy difference drive Template sacrifice Lattice matching |
2019 | [146] | |
| 1,4-Bis(pentafluorostyryl)benzene (10Ft) 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BA) 5,12-Bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacene (BN) |
Organic crystal | Solution co-assembly | Lattice matching | 2021 | [147] |
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