(a) Schematic diagram of NOR and NRR process at the anode and cathode chamber by pulsed electrocatalysis (Reproduced from Ref. [50]. Copyright©2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH). Schematic of reaction pathways with CE and PE. (b) Profile of applied potentials for CE. (c) Reaction mechanism of the NO₃RR with CE at E_L and E_H. (d) Profile of the applied potential for PE. (e) Reaction pathways of the NO₃RR through the tandem NO₂⁻ accumulation-conversion process with PE (Reproduced from Ref. [26]. Copyright©2023, American Chemical Society). (f) In situ Raman spectra of RuIn₃/C under −0.1 V and then +0.6 V in 0.1 M KOH + 10 mM NO₃⁻ solution with 3 cycles. (g) Schematic illustration for the effect of pulsed voltage on the mass transport of different species (Reproduced from Ref. [49]. Copyright©2023, Springer Nature Limited).