(a) Considerations for altered mass transfer. A: normal reaction dependent on mass transport (blue M); B: switch avoids mass transport by forming intermediates on both electrodes; C: reverse reaction of copper cation possible (Reproduced from Ref. [70]. Copyright©2021, RSC Pub). (b) EPC for sorbitol conversion. Current density traces of EPC with a total of 4,000 cycles at 100 mV/s. The red arrows indicate the scan direction. Yellow arrows indicate the trend of current density curves throughout. (c) Product selectivity and K/A by EPC and the average of SS runs (Reproduced from Ref. [72]. Copyright©2021, National Academy of Science of the United States of America). (d) Scheme illustrating the catalyst in situ reactivation by applying the potential pulse program (E_high and E_low) (Reproduced from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2020, RSC Pub). (e) The proposed mechanism of asymmetric-waveform alternating current-promoted silver catalysis for C–H phosphorylation (Reproduced from Ref. [45]. Copyright©2022, Springer Nature Limited).