(a) LCA-XANES analysis results (grey open circles) for averaged data for NCs under CO₂RR with pulse lengths Δt_a=Δt_c= 10  s, E_c=−1.0  V and E_a= 0.6  V. (b) Evolution of the Cu (311) Bragg peak parameters. (c) Evolution of the Cu₂O-like Bragg peak parameters during the anodic pulse. (Reproduced from Ref. [25]. Copyright©2022, Springer Nature Limited). (d) Time-resolved variations using Redox Shuttle (R.S.) of Cu species in CuO_x and the corresponding electrochemical responses during CO₂RR at −0.75 V and (e) the corresponding time-resolved EXAFS spectra without phase-correction of CuO_x under CO₂RR. (f) Time-resolved variations using chronoamperometry (CA) of Cu species in CuO_x and the corresponding electrochemical responses during CO₂RR at −0.75 V and (g) the corresponding time-resolved EXAFS spectra without phase-correction of CuO_x under CO₂RR. Quantification of time-resolved chemical composition information extracted from operando Quick Cu XAS for CuO_x under eCO₂RR using redox shuttle (h) and conventional chronoamperometry (i) (Reproduced from Ref. [116]. Copyright©2020, Springer Nature Limited).