Table 1

Summary of the effect of pulsed electrocatalysis on different catalytic reactions

Catalyst/ electrode material Applications Method/ Waveform The application of pulsed electrocatalysis Ref.
Roles Objectives
Cu3(DMPz)3 OES PP/Square Surface reconstruction; Rearrangement of surface coverage and pH Improved product selectivity and catalyst stability [48]
Ag OES PC/Square Preventing metal deposition by cathodic reduction Improved product selectivity and catalyst stability [45]
Au/CoOOH Alcohols oxidation PP/Square Modulating the valence of catalysts Improved catalyst stability [74]
Cu OES PP/Square Prevents continuous dissolution of catalyst and deactivation Enhance the yield and long-term stability [70]
Carbon OES PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Stabilizing intermediates Improved product yield [22]
Pt Formic acid oxidation PP/Sinusoidal Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species; Prevents catalyst deactivation Enhance the reaction rate and long-term stability [77]
VxOy-Sn0.9In0.1P2O7 Benzene oxidation PC/Square Steering free radical generation and stabilization Improved product selectivity and FE [67]
Organic reagents OES PC & PP/Square Regulating the generation and reaction of intermediates Improved product selectivity [44]
PdNi Lactic acid oxidation PP/Square Periodic catalyst regeneration Enhance the reaction rate and long-term stability [73]
Cadmium OES PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Modulation of the EDL Improved product selectivity; Enhanced the reaction rate [68]
RVC Kolbe reaction PC/Square Regulating the local pH Improved product reaction activity and selectivity [43]
Pt Asymmetric synthesis PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations Improved product selectivity [66]
Pt Alcohols oxidation PP/Triangular Prevents catalyst deactivation Improved product selectivity; Improved catalyst stability [72]
Cu foil CO2RR PP/Square Modulating the valence of catalysts; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Improved product selectivity and FE; Suppressing the HER [124]
Cu(100) CO2RR PP/Square Surface reconstruction Improving the reaction reactivity [24]
Cu2O NCs CO2RR PP/Square Modulating the surface structure and composition of catalysts Steering product selectivity and FE [25]
Cu CO2RR PP/Square Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Improved product selectivity and FE [127]
Cu CO2RR PP/Square Modulation of the EDL; Modulating the Catalysts; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Modulation of product selectivity [128]
Cu CO2RR PP/Square Regulating the intermediate species and pH Modulation of product selectivity and reaction rate [123]
Cu CO2RR PP/Square Regulating the local concentration of spices; Modulation the EDL and pH Improved product selectivity and FE [125]
Cu-DHP CO2RR PP/Square Surface reconstruction; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Enhance the product selectivity and long-term stability; Suppressing the HER [61]
Cu CO2RR PP/Square Regulating the local pH and diffusion layer Improved product selectivity and FE [19]
Pt Water splitting PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations Enhance the reaction rate and long-term stability; Reduce energy consumption [46]
Ni Water splitting PP/Square Accelerated bubble diffusion; Modulation of the diffusion layer Enhanced the reaction rate and catalytic efficiency [135]
MnO2 Water splitting PC/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Regulating the diffusion layer Enhance the reaction efficiency [47]
Fe/Fe2+ Cr(Ⅵ) removal PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Prevents electrode passivation Reducing energy consumption; Enhanced catalytic efficiency [57]
PbO2 Degradation of malachite green PP/Square Accelerated generation of hydroxyl radicals Reducing energy consumption; Enhanced catalytic efficiency [145]
Nb/BDD Degradation of phenol PC/Square Reducing the side reactions and concentration polarization Reducing energy consumption; Enhanced catalytic efficiency [143]
Functionalized carbon Uranium extraction PC/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Regulating the diffusion of charged ionic High extraction capacity, fast kinetics, and high selectivity [28]
EDTA Heavy metal removal PP/Square Regulating the diffusion and adsorption of charged ionic Enhanced selectivity and efficiency [146]
Cu SAGs NO3RR PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Improved product selectivity and FE; Suppressing the HER [124]
RuIn3/C NO3RR PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Improved product selectivity and FE; Suppressing the HER [49]
LC-Cu NC NO2RR, C-N coupling PP/Square Regulating the diffusion of intermediate species;
Dissolved Cu(II) for catalyst; Adjusting the pH
Improved product selectivity and FE; Suppressing the side reaction [51]
Fe-TiO2 NRR, NOR PP/Square Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species; Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Stabilize the catalysts Improved product selectivity and FE; Suppressing the HER and OER [50]
Au NO3RR, C-N coupling PP/Square Mitigating mass transfer limitations; Modulation of the EDL structure; Optimizing the reaction path; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Improved product selectivity and FE [151]
Cu-Ni Tandem NO3RR PP/Square Modulating the valence of catalysts; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Improved product selectivity and FE [149]
PCSs ORR PP/Square Stimulating the cationic effects; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species; Improved product selectivity and FE [53]
Biomass-derived carbon ORR PP/Square Stabilize the catalysts; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species; Optimizing the reaction path Improved product selectivity, FE, and catalyst stability [54]
Graphite felt ORR PP/Square Modulation of the EDL; Regulating the desorption/adsorption of intermediate species Improved product selectivity and FE [55]

Notes: OES, organic electrocatalytic synthesis; PP, pulsed potential; PC, pulsed current.

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