Table 1
Comparison of HoMS-based interfacial regulation strategies in non-aqueous, aqueous, and solid-state metal-air batteries
| MAB system | Main interfacial challenge | HoMS design priority | The main function of HoMS | Typical performance benefit |
| Non-aqueous MABs [74] | Parasitic reactions, unstable metal/electrolyte interface, uncontrolled discharge-product deposition, and pore blockage | Spatial confinement of discharge products, construction of continuous ion/electron pathways, stabilization of reactive metal interfaces | Regulating discharge-product distribution, suppressing side reactions, homogenizing ion flux, and stabilizing interphase evolution | Reduced polarization and side reactions, improved cycling reversibility, and interfacial stability |
| Aqueous MABs [108] | Precipitation-induced pore blockage, shrinkage of triple-phase reaction zone, corrosion/passivation, and non-uniform ion flux | Buffering of precipitate accumulation, maintenance of gas-liquid-solid transport pathways, catalytic-site optimization, and ion-flux homogenization | Preserving transport continuity, stabilizing the reaction zone, promoting ORR/OER kinetics, and mitigating corrosion/passivation-related degradation | Improved rate capability, reduced concentration polarization, enhanced cycling stability, and interface durability |
| Solid-state MABs [52] | Poor solid-solid contact, high interfacial resistance, mechanical degradation, and stress accumulation | Increasing interfacial contact area, introducing compliant buffer structures, and improving interface compatibility | Reducing contact resistance, buffering interfacial stress, and stabilizing solid-solid interfaces | Lower interfacial impedance, improved contact stability, and better structural durability |
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