Issue
Natl Sci Open
Volume 5, Number 1, 2026
Special Topic: Intelligent Materials and Devices
Article Number 20250052
Number of page(s) 38
Section Materials Science
DOI https://doi.org/10.1360/nso/20250052
Published online 28 December 2025
  • Lesk C, Rowhani P, Ramankutty N. Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production. Nature 2016; 529: 84-87. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Le Quéré C, Andrew RM, Friedlingstein P, et al. Global carbon budget 2018. Earth Syst Sci Data 2018; 10: 2141-2194. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, et al. Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 2000; 289: 2068-2074. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lee M, Kim G, Jung Y, et al. Photonic structures in radiative cooling. Light Sci Appl 2023; 12: 134. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Fan S, Li W. Photonics and thermodynamics concepts in radiative cooling. Nat Photon 2022; 16: 182-190. [Article] [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Liang J, Wu J, Guo J, et al. Radiative cooling for passive thermal management towards sustainable carbon neutrality. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10: nwac208. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lu G, Du F, Wang Z, et al. Scalable metasurface-enhanced supercool cement. Sci Adv 2025; 11: eadv2820. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lu G, She W, Tong X, et al. Radiative cooling potential of cementitious composites: Physical and chemical origins. Cement Concrete Compos 2021; 119: 104004. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Nie H, Huang L, Xu X, et al. High performance radiative cooling coating with dense surface structure via closed-cell microstructures and uniformly dispersed scatterers. Small 2025; 21: 2507594. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Meng X, Chen Z, Qian C, et al. Durable and mechanically robust superhydrophobic radiative cooling coating. Chem Eng J 2023; 478: 147341. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Hu X, Tao G, Zhou H, et al. Biaxial stretching unlocks durable, high-performance radiative cooling. Matter 2025; 8: 102321. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zeng S, Pian S, Su M, et al. Hierarchical-morphology metafabric for scalable passive daytime radiative cooling. Science 2021; 373: 692-696. [Article] [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Mousavi SAA, Aghakhani H, Baghapour B, et al. Integrating radiative cooling and thermoelectric: A comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2025; 222: 115946. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ishii S, Bourgès C, Tanjaya NK, et al. Transparent thermoelectric device for simultaneously harvesting radiative cooling and solar heating. Mater Today 2024; 75: 20-26. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lee KW, Yi J, Kim MK, et al. Transparent radiative cooling cover window for flexible and foldable electronic displays. Nat Commun 2024; 15: 4443. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yang R, Niu D, Pu JH, et al. Passive all-day freshwater harvesting through a transparent radiative cooling film. Appl Energy 2022; 325: 119801. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jin Y, Jeong Y, Yu K. Infrared-reflective transparent hyperbolic metamaterials for use in radiative cooling windows. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33: 2207940. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhai Y, Ma Y, David SN, et al. Scalable-manufactured randomized glass-polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling. Science 2017; 355: 1062-1066. [Article] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Xu J, Huo X, Yan T, et al. All-in-one hybrid atmospheric water harvesting for all-day water production by natural sunlight and radiative cooling. Energy Environ Sci 2024; 17: 4988-5001. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li T, Wu M, Xu J, et al. Simultaneous atmospheric water production and 24-hour power generation enabled by moisture-induced energy harvesting. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 6771. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang S, Wu M, Han H, et al. Regulating cold energy from the universe by bifunctional phase change materials for sustainable cooling. Adv Energy Mater 2024; 14: 2402667. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang Z, Kim SK, Hu R. Self-switchable radiative cooling. Matter 2022; 5: 780-782. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Agbo EP, Nkajoe U, Okono MA, et al. Temperature and solar radiation interactions in all six zones of Nigeria. Ind J Phys 2023; 97: 655-669. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li J, Cui X, Yang J. Multi-scale correlation analysis between geometric parameters and solar radiation in high density urban environment——Case study in Nanjing. Front Architectural Res 2025; 14: 248-266. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Song J, Jeong KJ, Baik G, et al. Air-gap controlled smart window for spectral and angular selective modulation of solar radiation. Energy Convers Manage 2025; 324: 119237. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhou Z, Fang Y, Wang X, et al. Synergistic modulation of solar and thermal radiation in dynamic energy-efficient windows. Nano Energy 2022; 93: 106865. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wei D, Wang C, Shi G, et al. Enabling self-adaptive water-energy-balance of photothermal water diode evaporator: Dynamically maximizing energy utilization under the ever-changing sunlight. Adv Mater 2024; 36: 2309507. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jo HJ, Jang YJ, Kim HD, et al. Glare-free, energy-efficient smart windows: A pedestrian-friendly system with dynamically tunable light and heat regulation. ACS Energy Lett 2025; 10: 2997-3004. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li D, Kou E, Li W, et al. Oxidation-induced quenching mechanism of ultrabright red carbon dots and application in antioxidant RCDs/PVA film. Chem Eng J 2021; 425: 131653. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ghosh S, Smalyukh I. Electrical switching of nematic plasmonic nanocolloids for infrared solar gain control (advanced optical materials 20/2022). Adv Opt Mater 2022; 10: 2270079. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chen Q, Huang X, Lu Y, et al. Mechanically tunable transmittance convection shield for dynamic radiative cooling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16: 21807-21817. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang J, Tan G, Yang R, et al. Materials, structures, and devices for dynamic radiative cooling. Cell Rep Phys Sci 2022; 3: 101198. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhao B, Xuan Q, Xu C, et al. Considerations of passive radiative cooling. Renew Energy 2023; 219: 119486. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liu S, Chen G, Li J, et al. Smart skin for zero energy buildings: A review of thermoresponsive spectral-adaptive envelopes. Adv Mater 2025; 8: e11392. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xie L, Wang X, Bai Y, et al. Fast-developing dynamic radiative thermal management: Full-scale fundamentals, switching methods, applications, and challenges. Nano-Micro Lett 2025; 17: 146. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xu T, Yeow Seow JZ, Tan S, et al. Radiative smart fibers and textiles: Thermal management and beyond. ACS Nano 2025; 19: 32995-33007. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wheeler LM, Moore DT, Ihly R, et al. Switchable photovoltaic windows enabled by reversible photothermal complex dissociation from methylammonium lead iodide. Nat Commun 2017; 8: 1722. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Huang Y, Wu S, Zhao S, et al. A novel liquid flow electrochromic smart window for all-year-round dynamic photothermal regulation. Energy Environ Sci 2025; 18: 1824-1834. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang XA, Yu S, Xu B, et al. Dynamic gating of infrared radiation in a textile. Science 2019; 363: 619-623. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang Q, Lv Y, Wang Y, et al. Temperature-dependent dual-mode thermal management device with net zero energy for year-round energy saving. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 4874. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chen S, Jiang G, Zhou J, et al. Robust solvatochromic gels for self-defensive smart windows. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33: 2214382. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang R, Song Z, Cao W, et al. Multispectral smart window: Dynamic light modulation and electromagnetic microwave shielding. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13: 223. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ma D, Yang T, Feng X, et al. Quadruple control electrochromic devices utilizing Ce4W9O33 electrodes for visible and near‐infrared transmission intelligent modulation. Adv Sci 2024; 11: 2307223. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lin C, Hur J, Chao CYH, et al. All-weather thermochromic windows for synchronous solar and thermal radiation regulation. Sci Adv 2022; 8: eabn7359. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Guo J, Jia H, Jin P, et al. Transparent-to-reflective multicolor all-solid-state electrochromic devices for next-generation intelligent display windows. Adv Mater 2025; 37: e00350. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jiao Y, Li Z, Li C, et al. Flexible tri-state-regulated thermochromic smart window based on WxV1−xO2/paraffin/PVA composite film. Chem Eng J 2024; 497: 154578. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lin HC, Zhang MS, Chuang WC. Liquid crystal smart window with bistable and dynamic modes. J Mol Liquids 2023; 390: 123183. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang L, Li D, Wang Z, et al. Indoor dynamic light/thermal environment of smart windows using ATO nanofluids in summer: An experimental study. Renew Energy 2024; 234: 121210. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • An Y, Fu Y, Dai JG, et al. Switchable radiative cooling technologies for smart thermal management. Cell Rep Phys Sci 2022; 3: 101098. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Cannavale A, Carlucci F, Pugliese M, et al. Low-cost gel-polymer electrolytes for smart windows: Effects on yearly energy consumption and visual comfort. Energy Build 2023; 301: 113705. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tong SW, Goh WP, Huang X, et al. A review of transparent-reflective switchable glass technologies for building facades. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2021; 152: 111615. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Huang NN, Gao J, Sheng SZ, et al. Structural design of intelligent reversible two-way structural color films. Nano Lett 2023; 23: 7389-7396. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lee SH, Kang BS, Kwak MK. Magneto-responsive actuating surfaces with controlled wettability and optical transmittance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14: 14721-14728. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Meng W, Kragt AJJ, Gao Y, et al. Scalable photochromic film for solar heat and daylight management. Adv Mater 2024; 36: 2304910. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Shi K, Liu Z, Yang C, et al. Novel biocompatible thermoresponsive poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)/clay nanocomposite hydrogels with macroporous structure and improved mechanical characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9: 21979-21990. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lin G, Chandrasekaran P, Lv C, et al. Self-similar hierarchical wrinkles as a potential multifunctional smart window with simultaneously tunable transparency, structural color, and droplet transport. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9: 26510-26517. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xu A, Jiang X, Zhang Z, et al. The flexible electronic reflection smart windows for automobiles and architecture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2025; 17: 34193-34205. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ji Z, Gao Z, Zhang T, et al. Highly reflective porous SiC with layered nanostructures formed by electrochemical etching. Appl Surf Sci 2025; 694: 162797. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Cho SM, Kim S, Kim Y, et al. Switchable holographic device based on reversible electrodeposition. Adv Mater Technologies 2019; 4: 1800478. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhao X, Chen Q, Fan F, et al. Dual-band electrochromic smart window for dynamic switching between radiative cooling and solar heating. Adv Sci 2025; 12: e04483. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liang L, Yu R, Ong SJH, et al. An adaptive multispectral mechano-optical system for multipurpose applications. ACS Nano 2023; 17: 12409-12421. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang S, Dong Y, Li Y, et al. A solar/radiative cooling dual-regulation smart window based on shape-morphing kirigami structures. Mater Horiz 2023; 10: 4243-4250. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ma H, Tan Y, Cao J, et al. Eccentric 1-D magnetic core-shell photonic crystal balls: Ingenious fabrication and distinctive optical properties. J Mater Chem C 2018; 6: 4531-4540. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Loiko VA, Berdnik VV. Radiative transfer in a layer of oriented spheroidal particles with oblique incidence of light. Part Part Syst Charact 1998; 15: 115-121. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ji S, Woo HJ, Lee SG, et al. Advancing nano-optical investigations: Metallic and dielectric mie particles in SPM techniques and their emerging applications. Appl Phys Rev 2025; 12: 031316. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li J, Lu X, Zhang Y, et al. Dynamic refractive index-matching for adaptive thermoresponsive smart windows. Small 2022; 18: 2201322. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yoon W, Lim S, Rim M, et al. Photo- and thermo-responsive switchable smart windows developed by the control of 3D molecular orientation of chiral liquid crystals with azobenzene molecular engineering. Adv Funct Mater 2025; 35: 2425115. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chen C, Yao H, Chen Y, et al. Ultradurable omni-liquid-repellent smart window as a high-performance wettability/transparency manipulator enabled via laser-writing magnetism-actuated microshutters. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33: 2308314. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Otaegui JR, Ruiz-Molina D, Hernando J, et al. Multistimuli-responsive smart windows based on paraffin-polymer composites. Chem Eng J 2023; 463: 142390. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li B, Xu F, Guan T, et al. Self-adhesive self-healing thermochromic ionogels for smart windows with excellent environmental and mechanical stability, solar modulation, and antifogging capabilities. Adv Mater 2023; 35: 2211456. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhao C, Liu G, Lin Y, et al. Diphylleia grayi-inspired intelligent temperature-responsive transparent nanofiber membranes. Nano-Micro Lett 2024; 16: 65. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ding Y, Duan Y, Yang F, et al. High-transmittance pNIPAm gel smart windows with lower response temperature and stronger solar regulation. Chem Eng J 2023; 460: 141572. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yu Z, Ma Y, Mao L, et al. Bidirectional optical response hydrogel with adjustable human comfort temperature for smart windows. Mater Horiz 2024; 11: 207-216. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chen B, Feng Q, Liu W, et al. Review on mechanoresponsive smart windows: Structures and driving modes. Materials 2023; 16: 779. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Kim H, Ge D, Lee E, et al. Multistate and on-demand smart windows. Adv Mater 2018; 30: 1803847. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhao F, Wang M, Huang Z, et al. Bio-inspired mechanically responsive smart windows for visible and near-infrared multiwavelength spectral modulation. Adv Mater 2024; 36: 2408192. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhan H, Cheng W, Liu F, et al. Resilient and robust mechanoresponsive polydimethylsiloxane/SiO2 composites induced by interfacial enhancement. J Colloid Interface Sci 2025; 690: 137361. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhu S, Liu Y, Guo W, et al. Humidity-driven dynamic based on polystyrene-contained gelatin (Gel-PS) and PDMS bilayer wrinkling system. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33: 2301850. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Guo J, Wu S, Wang Y, et al. A salt-triggered multifunctional smart window derived from a dynamic polyampholyte hydrogel. Mater Horiz 2022; 9: 3039-3047. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liu C, Yang L, Sun Y, et al. Hydrogel-coated polydimethylsiloxane with reversible transparency for advanced optical switching. ACS Nano 2025; 19: 9017-9028. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Qin J, Yuan B, Yang Y, et al. A spectrum-tailored polymer dispersed liquid crystal film for energy-saving smart windows. Small 2025; 21: 2409347. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang J, Meng C, Wang CT, et al. A fully self-powered, ultra-stable cholesteric smart window triggered by instantaneous mechanical stimuli. Nano Energy 2021; 85: 105976. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li B, Valenzuela C, Liu Y, et al. Free-standing bacterial cellulose-templated radiative cooling liquid crystal films with self-adaptive solar transmittance modulation. Adv Funct Mater 2024; 34: 2402124. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liu H, Guo ZH, Xu F, et al. Triboelectric-optical responsive cholesteric liquid crystals for self-powered smart window, E-paper display and optical switch. Sci Bull 2021; 66: 1986-1993. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang H, Liu QC, Zhou CQ, et al. Photocatalytic applications of 2D surface decorated boron phosphides: A density functional theory investigation. Appl Surf Sci 2022; 592: 153236. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Rhatigan S, Nolan M. Impact of surface hydroxylation in MgO-/SnO-nanocluster modified TiO2 anatase (101) composites on visible light absorption, charge separation and reducibility. Chin Chem Lett 2018; 29: 757-764. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tan C, Sun D, Xu D, et al. Tuning electronic structure and optical properties of ZnO monolayer by Cd doping. Ceramics Int 2016; 42: 10997-11002. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yin Y, Sun P, Zeng Y, et al. A colored temperature-adaptive cloak for year-round building energy saving. Adv Energy Mater 2024; 14: 2402202. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • He H, Liu S, Du Y, et al. Enhancing stability: Two-dimensional thermochromic perovskite for smart windows in building applications. Adv Funct Mater 2024; : 2417582. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang R, Liu S, An Y, et al. Ultra low-haze and high transparency thermochromic perovskite smart windows with high solar modulation ability. Nano Energy 2025; 139: 110978. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang Y, Wang Z, Hu S, et al. Robust and swiftly reversible thermochromic behavior of a 2D perovskite of (C6H4(CH2NH3)2)(CH3NH3)[Pb2 I7] for smart window and photovoltaic smart window applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13: 12042-12048. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liu S, Li Y, Wang Y, et al. Mask-inspired moisture-transmitting and durable thermochromic perovskite smart windows. Nat Commun 2024; 15: 876. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jin J, Zhang J, Zhang J, et al. Minute-level room-temperature switching and long cycle stability of thermochromic inorganic perovskite smart windows. Adv Mater 2025; 37: 2416146. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang M, Nie C, Liu J, et al. Organic-inorganic semi-interpenetrating networks with orthogonal light- and magnetic-responsiveness for smart photonic gels. Nat Commun 2023; 14: 1000. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Kang M, Deng Y, Oderinde O, et al. Sunlight-driven photochromic hydrogel based on silver bromide with antibacterial property and non-cytotoxicity. Chem Eng J 2019; 375: 121994. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jiao X, Liu Y, Zhao X. Advancements in TiO2-based multi-composite photochromic materials: A review. J Industrial Eng Chem 2025; 146: 109-121. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Eglītis R, Šutka A. Photochromic TiO2/PEGDA organogels. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21: 545-555. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Cheng X, Zhang B, Lei G, et al. Solar-tunable reversible photochromic smart window based on BiOCl/CA hydrogel. Adv Opt Mater 2025; 13: 01228. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zou J, Liao J, He Y, et al. Recent development of photochromic polymer systems: Mechanism, materials, and applications. Research 2024; 7: 0392. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang L, Liu Y, Zhan X, et al. Photochromic transparent wood for photo-switchable smart window applications. J Mater Chem C 2019; 7: 8649-8654. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ube T, Yoshida M, Kurihara S, et al. Sunlight-driven smart windows with a wide temperature range of optical switching based on chiral nematic liquid crystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16: 28638-28644. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Fan S, Lam Y, Yang J, et al. Development of photochromic poly(azobenzene)/PVDF fibers by wet spinning for intelligent textile engineering. Surfs Interfaces 2022; 34: 102383. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xie Z, Liu Q, Zhang Q, et al. Fast-switching quasi-solid state electrochromic full device based on mesoporous WO3 and NiO thin films. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2019; 200: 110017. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Guo X, Chen J, Eh ALS, et al. Heat-insulating black electrochromic device enabled by reversible nickel-copper electrodeposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14: 20237-20246. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Huang B, Wang B, Zhao F, et al. Constructing reversible Zn/MnO2 dual-electrodeposition-based smart window with wide modulation range by an iodide mediator in near-neutral electrolyte. Adv Opt Mater 2025; 13: e01467. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang J, Zhou Y, Lv Y, et al. A reversible MnO2 deposition-enabled multicolor electrochromic device with efficient tunability of ultraviolet-visible light. Small 2024; 20: 2310229. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang Q, Cao S, Meng Q, et al. Robust and stable dual-band electrochromic smart window with multicolor tunability. Mater Horiz 2023; 10: 960-966. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chiu SH, Widjajana MS, Nor-Azman NA, et al. Electrochromic PEDOT: PSS with embedded liquid gallium nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2025; 17: 43968-43978. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Qiu M, Zhou F, Sun P, et al. Unveiling the electrochromic mechanism of Prussian Blue by electronic transition analysis. Nano Energy 2020; 78: 105148. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Qian C, Wang P, Guo X, et al. High-contrast energy-efficient flexible electrochromic devices based on viologen derivatives and their application in smart windows and electrochromic displayers. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2024; 266: 112669. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li D, Zhou C, Meng Y, et al. Deformable thermo-responsive smart windows based on a shape memory polymer for adaptive solar modulations. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13: 61196-61204. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chen C, Yao H, Guo S, et al. Ultra-robust joule-heated superhydrophobic smart window: Dually-switching droplets adhesion and transparency via in situ electric-actuated reconfigurable shape-memory shutters. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33: 2210495. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Park K, Jin S, Kim G. Transparent window film with embedded nano-shades for thermoregulation. Constr Build Mater 2021; 269: 121280. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li J, Lu X, Zhang Y, et al. Transmittance tunable smart window based on magnetically responsive 1D nanochains. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12: 31637-31644. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xie Y, Guan F, Li Z, et al. A phase-changing polymer film for broadband smart window applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41: 2000290. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li G, Jiang X, Asfahan H, et al. Humidity-controlled smart window with synchronous solar and thermal radiation regulation. Adv Sci 2025; 12: e06980. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Dai M, Zhao J, Zhang Y, et al. Dual-responsive hydrogels with three-stage optical modulation for smart windows. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14: 53314-53322. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Fan J, Wakuta T, Hong HJ, et al. A transparent semicrystalline polymer used in thermally responsive smart window application. Adv Funct Mater 2025; 35: 2506061. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Khandelwal H, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. Infrared regulating smart window based on organic materials. Adv Energy Mater 2017; 7: 1602209. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Barile CJ, Slotcavage DJ, McGehee MD. Polymer-nanoparticle electrochromic materials that selectively modulate visible and near-infrared light. Chem Mater 2016; 28: 1439-1445. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xiao Y, Zhang X, Li Z, et al. A visible-to-infrared broadband all-solid-state electrochromic device based Li4Ti5O12/WO3 for optical and thermal management. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2024; 268: 112735. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhou J, Han Y. Design of a widely adjustable electrochromic device based on the reversible metal electrodeposition of Ag nanocylinders. Nano Res 2023; 16: 1421-1429. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Uji S, Kimura S, Nakamura K, et al. Analysis for coloration mechanism of reversible silver deposition-based electrochromic device by in situ observation of plasmonic nanoparticles with dark-field microscopy. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2023; 251: 112119. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li J, Jiang Y, Liu J, et al. A photosynthetically active radiative cooling film. Nat Sustain 2024; 7: 786-795. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ionut Bercea A, Champeaux C, Boulle A, et al. Adaptive gold/vanadium dioxide periodic arrays for infrared optical modulation. Appl Surf Sci 2022; 585: 152592. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tang Z, Li H, Liu Y, et al. Advanced electrochromic properties of Nb-doped WO3 inverse opal films in NIR region by slow photon effect-assisted enhancement of localized surface plasmon resonance. Appl Surf Sci 2023; 622: 156802. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yu N, Hu Y, Wang X, et al. Dynamically tuning near-infrared-induced photothermal performances of TiO2 nanocrystals by Nb doping for imaging-guided photothermal therapy of tumors. Nanoscale 2017; 9: 9148-9159. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Dahlman CJ, Tan Y, Marcus MA, et al. Spectroelectrochemical signatures of capacitive charging and ion insertion in doped anatase titania nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137: 9160-9166. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Dou S, Zhao J, Zhang W, et al. A universal approach to achieve high luminous transmittance and solar modulating ability simultaneously for vanadium dioxide smart coatings via double-sided localized surface plasmon resonances. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12: 7302-7309. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li K, Zhang Y, Zhang M, et al. AOBiX2 (A = La, Tb, Lu; X = S, Se): A family of 2D narrow bandgap semiconductors with high stability, broad-spectrum response, flexibility and high carrier mobility. J Rare Earths 2025; [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tong X, Wang J, Zhang P, et al. Insight into the structure-activity relationship in electrochromism of WO3 with rational internal cavities for broadband tunable smart windows. Chem Eng J 2023; 470: 144130. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jia Y, Liu D, Chen D, et al. Transparent dynamic infrared emissivity regulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14: 5087. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tang K, Dong K, Li J, et al. Temperature-adaptive radiative coating for all-season household thermal regulation. Science 2021; 374: 1504-1509. [Article] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Cheng N, Wang Z, Lin Y, et al. Breathable dual-mode leather-like nanotextile for efficient daytime radiative cooling and heating. Adv Mater 2024; 36: 2403223. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang P, Wang H, Sun Y, et al. Transparent grating-based metamaterials for dynamic infrared radiative regulation smart windows. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26: 16253-16260. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jia Y, Liu D, Chen D, et al. Realizing sunlight-induced efficiently dynamic infrared emissivity modulation based on aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals. Adv Sci 2024; 11: 2405962. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jia Y, Liu D, Wang X, et al. Dynamically modulating the mid-infrared localized surface plasmon resonance of Al-doped ZnO nanocrystals. Mater Res Express 2023; 10: 095001. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Mei Z, Ding Y, Wang M, et al. A colorful electrochromic infrared emissivity regulator for all-season intelligent thermal management in buildings. Adv Mater 2025; 37: 2420578. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang Y, Wang M, Mei Z, et al. Intelligent infrared thermal control reflector based on multi-color electrochromic dynamic modulation. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2025; 282: 113362. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li M, Liu D, Cheng H, et al. Graphene-based reversible metal electrodeposition for dynamic infrared modulation. J Mater Chem C 2020; 8: 8538-8545. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tao X, Liu D, Liu T, et al. A bistable variable infrared emissivity device based on reversible silver electrodeposition. Adv Funct Mater 2022; 32: 2202661. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang M, Wang P, Liu X, et al. Responsive metasurface for directional control of laser and thermal emission dynamic regulation. Adv Mater 2025; 37: 2506061. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liu Y, Tian Y, Liu X, et al. Intelligent regulation of VO2-PDMS-driven radiative cooling. Appl Phys Lett 2022; 120: 171704. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Huang J, Zhang X, Yu X, et al. Scalable self-adaptive radiative cooling film through VO2-based switchable core-shell particles. Renew Energy 2024; 224: 120208. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Cheng B, Cheng H, Jia Y, et al. Infrared electrochromic devices based on thin metal films. Adv Mater Inter 2023; 10: 2202505. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Cheng B, Liu D, Jia Y, et al. Infrared gasochromic devices based on metal thin films. Adv Opt Mater 2022; 10: 2201702. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Song Z, Zhang Z, Zhang X, et al. Hierarchically structured, Janus optical nanoengineered wastepaper for switchable radiative cooling/heating. Carbon Energy 2025; 7: e676. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yang P, He J, Ju Y, et al. Dual-mode integrated Janus films with highly efficient NaH2PO2‐enhanced infrared radiative cooling and solar heating for year-round thermal management. Adv Sci 2023; 10: 2206176. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang X, Zhang T, Cao Y, et al. A Janus infrared emission dual-mode super-fabric for sustainable efficient thermal management. Chem Eng J 2025; 503: 158664. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Du Z, Li M, Xu S, et al. VO2-based intelligent thermal control coating for spacecraft by regulating infrared emittance. J Alloys Compd 2022; 895: 162679. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Fan C, Zhang Y, Long Z, et al. Dynamically tunable subambient daytime radiative cooling metafabric with janus wettability. Adv Funct Mater 2023; 33: 2300794. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Pian S, Wang Z, Lu C, et al. Scalable colored Janus fabric scheme for dynamic thermal management. iScience 2024; 27: 110948. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wei L, Lin G, Liu J, et al. Conductive structural colored cotton fabrics with nonangle-dependent colors and dynamic thermal management. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2025; 17: 21985-21995. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chow L, Zhang Q, Huang X, et al. Army ant nest inspired adaptive textile for smart thermal regulation and healthcare monitoring. Adv Mater 2025; 37: 2406798. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li GX, Dong T, Zhu L, et al. Microfluidic-blow-spinning fabricated sandwiched structural fabrics for all-season personal thermal management. Chem Eng J 2023; 453: 139763. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xue T, Chen X, Wang C, et al. Dual-mode cellulose acetate@Al2O3/MWCNTs Janus fabric with radiative cooling and solar heating for personal thermal management. Chem Eng J 2024; 500: 156713. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ma R, Xue T, Han T, et al. Dual mode switchable Janus Nano-ZnO/rGO cellulose fabric with radiative regulation and sweat transport for personal thermal management. Chem Eng J 2025; 520: 165707. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ding C, Lin Y, Cheng N, et al. Dual-cooling textile enables vertical heat dissipation and sweat evaporation for thermal and moisture regulation. Adv Funct Mater 2024; 34: 2400987. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang Y, Fu J, Ding Y, et al. Thermal and moisture managing e-textiles enabled by Janus hierarchical gradient honeycombs. Adv Mater 2024; 36: 2311633. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xiao Y, Chen Z, Zheng W, et al. A Janus fabric composed of temperature-adaptive phase-changing and radiative cooling layers for dynamic personal thermal management. Chem Eng J 2025; 521: 166795. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhao Z, Li H, Peng Y, et al. Hierarchically programmed meta-louver fabric for adaptive personal thermal management. Adv Funct Mater 2024; 34: 2404721. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lan C, Liang M, Meng J, et al. Humidity-responsive actuator-based smart personal thermal management fabrics achieved by solar thermal heating and sweat-evaporation cooling. ACS Nano 2025; 19: 8294-8302. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Fan Q, Fan H, Han H, et al. Dynamic thermoregulatory textiles woven from scalable-manufactured radiative electrochromic fibers. Adv Funct Mater 2024; 34: 2310858. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhu J, Zhu P, Sun H, et al. Dynamically adaptive wrinkle-structured light-regulating films for energy-efficient buildings. Adv Funct Mater 2025; : e10262. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang X, Li H, Xie N, et al. Laboratorial investigation on optical and thermal properties of thermochromic pavement coatings for dynamic thermoregulation and urban heat island mitigation. Sustain Cities Soc 2022; 83: 103950. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Park C, Lee W, Park C, et al. Efficient thermal management and all-season energy harvesting using adaptive radiative cooling and a thermoelectric power generator. J Energy Chem 2023; 84: 496-501. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liu B, Wu J, Xue C, et al. Bioinspired superhydrophobic all-in-one coating for adaptive thermoregulation. Adv Mater 2024; 36: 2400745. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yuan H, Liu R, Cheng S, et al. Scalable fabrication of dual-function fabric for zero-energy thermal environmental management through multiband, synergistic, and asymmetric optical modulations. Adv Mater 2023; 35: 2209897. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Feng S, Yao L, Feng M, et al. Regeneration of pea-pod-like cellulose acetate fibers as aerogel-derived boards for building thermal regulation and carbon reduction. Adv Fiber Mater 2024; 6: 570-582. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zeng S, Shen K, Liu Y, et al. Dynamic thermal radiation modulators via mechanically tunable surface emissivity. Mater Today 2021; 45: 44-53. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang P, Xie W, Zhang J, et al. Dual-functional photonic battery enabling dynamic radiative thermal management and power supply. Adv Mater 2025; 37: 2412328. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Song X, Gong H, Li H, et al. Molecularly and structurally designed polyimide nanofiber radiative cooling films for spacecraft thermal management. Adv Funct Mater 2025; 35: 2413191. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Dong K, Tseng D, Li J, et al. Reducing temperature swing of space objects with temperature-adaptive solar or radiative coating. Cell Rep Phys Sci 2022; 3: 101066. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Yang J, Li Q, Liu S, et al. Temperature-adaptive metasurface radiative cooling device with excellent emittance and low solar absorptance for dynamic thermal regulation. Adv Photon 2024; 6: 046006. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xie B, Dong J, Zhao J, et al. VO2 particle-based intelligent metasurface with perfect infrared emission for the spacecraft thermal control. Appl Opt 2022; 61: 10538. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chen Q, Li C, Huang X, et al. Ultrabroadband directional tunable thermal emission control based on vanadium dioxide photonic structures. Adv Sci 2025; 12: 2416437. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wu B, Huang X, Wu X. Transparent smart radiation device for efficient thermal management of spacecraft solar cells. Case Studies Therm Eng 2025; 71: 106161. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Singh L, Qiu E, Cardin AE, et al. Passive radiative thermal management using phase-change metasurfaces. J Phys Photonics 2025; 7: 025028. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xu D, Zhao J, Liu L. Near-field radiation assisted smart skin for spacecraft thermal control. Int J Therm Sci 2021; 165: 106934. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Lee SJ, Choi SY, Song SY. Experimental evaluation study of the comfort and energy performance of suspended particle device smart windows in a residential building: Achieving optimal control during the cooling season. J Build Eng 2024; 98: 111176. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li Z, Zhao S, Shao Z, et al. Deterioration mechanism of vanadium dioxide smart coatings during natural aging: Uncovering the role of water. Chem Eng J 2022; 447: 137556. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li Z, Cao C, Li M, et al. Gradient variation oxygen-content vanadium-oxygen composite films with enhanced crystallinity and excellent durability for smart windows. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15: 9401-9411. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Beebe MR, Klopf JM, Wang Y, et al. Time-resolved light-induced insulator-metal transition in niobium dioxide and vanadium dioxide thin films. Opt Mater Express 2017; 7: 213. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Robinson ZR, Beckmann K, Michels J, et al. Measurement of the crystallization and phase transition of niobium dioxide thin-films using a tube furnace optical transmission system. AIP Adv 2024; 14: 115113. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ji H, Liu D, Cheng H, et al. Inkjet printing of vanadium dioxide nanoparticles for smart windows. J Mater Chem C 2018; 6: 2424-2429. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang N, Duchamp M, Dunin-Borkowski RE, et al. Terbium-doped VO2 thin films: Reduced phase transition temperature and largely enhanced luminous transmittance. Langmuir 2016; 32: 759-764. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang L, Sun H, Liu H, et al. The investigation of wrinkled ZnO as antireflective, protective, hydrophobic layer on the thermochromic VO2 films for smart windows. Appl Phys A 2025; 131: 222. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jung KH, Yun SJ, Slusar T, et al. Highly transparent ultrathin vanadium dioxide films with temperature-dependent infrared reflectance for smart windows. Appl Surf Sci 2022; 589: 152962. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Inomata N, Usuda T, Yamamoto Y, et al. Effects of temperature and doping concentration on the piezoresistive property of vanadium dioxide thin film. Sens Actuat A-Phys 2022; 346: 113823. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ko B, Chae JY, Badloe T, et al. Multilevel absorbers via the integration of undoped and tungsten-doped multilayered vanadium dioxide thin films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14: 1404-1412. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • White ST, Taylor JR, Chukhryaev I, et al. Solid-state dewetting of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide nanoparticles: Implications for thermochromic coatings. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2025; 8: 9972-9980. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Suzuki N, Xue Y, Hasegawa T, et al. Phase transition behavior and optical properties of F/Mo co-doped VO2 for smart windows. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2023; 251: 112105. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Geng X, Chang T, Fan J, et al. Tuning phase transition and thermochromic properties of vanadium dioxide thin films via cobalt doping. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14: 19736-19746. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Koch D, Chaker M. The origin of the thermochromic property changes in doped vanadium dioxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14: 23928-23943. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhao S, Tao Y, Chen Y, et al. Room-temperature synthesis of inorganic-organic hybrid coated VO2 nanoparticles for enhanced durability and flexible temperature-responsive near-infrared modulator application. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11: 10254-10261. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chang T, Cao X, Li N, et al. Facile and low-temperature fabrication of thermochromic Cr2O3/VO2 smart coatings: Enhanced solar modulation ability, high luminous transmittance and UV-shielding function. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9: 26029-26037. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Chang T, Cao X, Li N, et al. Mitigating deterioration of vanadium dioxide thermochromic films by interfacial encapsulation. Matter 2019; 1: 734-744. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang L, Li Z, Cao C, et al. Facile and dynamic infrared modulation of durable VO2/CuI films for smart window applications. Chem Eng J 2024; 488: 150972. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li H, Zhang X, Zhu M, et al. All-solid-state transparent-to-black electrochromic smart window for building energy saving. ACS Energy Lett 2025; 10: 4148-4157. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhu M, Cao S, Wang S, et al. Unveiling the electrochromic switch: The π spacer’s pivotal role in fluorinated D-A copolymer for high color efficiency and energy-saving smart windows. Nano Energy 2025; 142: 111240. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Jia Z, Sui Y, Qian L, et al. Electrochromic windows with fast response and wide dynamic range for visible-light modulation without traditional electrodes. Nat Commun 2024; 15: 6110. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Ning W, Zhao X, Klarbring J, et al. Thermochromic lead-free halide double perovskites. Adv Funct Mater 2019; 29: 1807375. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Rosales BA, Kim J, Wheeler VM, et al. Thermochromic halide perovskite windows with ideal transition temperatures. Adv Energy Mater 2023; 13: 2203331. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Kamal W, Li M, Lin J, et al. Spatially patterned polymer dispersed liquid crystals for image-integrated smart windows. Adv Opt Mater 2022; 10: 2101748. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Pathinti RS, Tatipamula AK, Vallamkondu J. ZnO nanoparticles dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal based smart window for energy saving application. J Alloys Compd 2023; 963: 171198. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tu H, Wang T, Chen M, et al. Isotope-driven hydrogel smart windows for self-adaptive thermoregulation. Nat Commun 2025; 16: 6952. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li X, Cao C, Liu C, et al. Self-rolling of vanadium dioxide nanomembranes for enhanced multi-level solar modulation. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 7819. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Li G, Chen J, Yan Z, et al. Physical crosslinked hydrogel-derived smart windows: Anti-freezing and fast thermal responsive performance. Mater Horiz 2023; 10: 2004-2012. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhu G, Gang Xu G, Zhang Y, et al. Thermochromic smart windows with ultra-high solar modulation and ultra-fast responsive speed based on solid-liquid switchable hydrogels. Research 2024; 7: 0462. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Xing C, Yang L, He R, et al. Brookite TiO2 nanorods as promising electrochromic and energy storage materials for smart windows. Small 2023; 19: 2303639. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Shao Z, Huang A, Ming C, et al. All-solid-state proton-based tandem structures for fast-switching electrochromic devices. Nat Electron 2022; 5: 45-52. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Sun J, Chen Z, Zhang R, et al. Electrochromic smart windows with co-intercalation of cations and anions for multi-band regulations. Nat Commun 2025; 16: 6993. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Sheng SZ, Wang JL, Zhao B, et al. Nanowire-based smart windows combining electro- and thermochromics for dynamic regulation of solar radiation. Nat Commun 2023; 14: 3231. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Tao J, Tian S, Li B, et al. Photo-thermochromic W18O49/hydrogel hybrid smart windows for graded and dual-band sunlight control. Chem Eng J 2024; 482: 149079. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang Y, Ding Y, Lan F, et al. A photo- and electrochromic dual-responsive smart window for full-day photothermal management. Small 2025; 21: 2501977. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Cao S, Zhang S, Zhang T, et al. A visible light-near-infrared dual-band smart window with internal energy storage. Joule 2019; 3: 1152-1162. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Liu R, Li Y, Hu B, et al. Organic ligand-free scalable dual-band electrochromic smart windows. Adv Funct Mater 2025; 35: 2409914. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhou Y, Lv Y, Guo X, et al. Electrochromic smart windows with on-demand photothermal regulation for energy-saving buildings. Adv Mater 2025; 37: 2502706. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Wang S, Jiang T, Meng Y, et al. Scalable thermochromic smart windows with passive radiative cooling regulation. Science 2021; 374: 1501-1504. [Article] [NASA ADS] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang Z, Yu M, Ma C, et al. A Janus smart window for temperature-adaptive radiative cooling and adjustable solar transmittance. Nano-Micro Lett 2025; 17: 233. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Zhang H, Zhang X, Sun W, et al. All-solid-state transparent variable infrared emissivity devices for multi-mode smart windows. Adv Funct Mater 2024; 34: 2307356. [Article] [Google Scholar]
  • Shao Z, Huang A, Cao C, et al. Tri-band electrochromic smart window for energy savings in buildings. Nat Sustain 2024; 7: 796-803. [Article] [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.