The potential functional heterogeneity of LAMP3⁺ DCs. (A) cDC1-deriverd LAMP3⁺ DCs mainly produce CXCL16 and IL-15, which promote the recruitment and maintenance of CD8 T cells in the TME and therefore enhance the antitumor immune effects. cDC2-deriverd LAMP3⁺ DCs highly express CCL17, CCL22 and IDO1, which promote the recruitment and differentiation of Treg in the TME and suppress the antitumor immune response. (B) LAMP3⁺ DCs within TLSs actively recruit and interact with T cells to elicit neoantigen-specific T cell activation, or Treg production. LAMP3⁺ DCs outside of TLSs exhibit impaired antigen-presenting ability and may be involved in immunosuppression.