Open Access
Review
Table 1
Application of antigen recognition, triggering and signal output mechanisms in immunotherapies
| Immuno-therapies | Applied mechanisms | Strategy of design | References |
| CAR-T | TCR clustering | Introducing dimeric CD3ζ, CD28 and CD8 transmembrane domain. | [104,109–111] |
| TCR clustering | Designing the transmembrane region to form multimerization (including trimerization and tetramerization). | [112] | |
| TCR clustering | Introducing a 4-1BB-derived hinge region containing 11 cysteines to form a larger diameter of CAR clusters. | [113] | |
| Lck recruitment | Introducing CD28 intracellular region to recruit Lck. | [115,116] | |
| Lck recruitment | Introducing CD28, CD8 and ICOS transmembrane domain to recruit Lck. | [105,112,118,119] | |
| CD45 segregation | Controlling the size of extracellular domain of CAR. | [120] | |
| Signal output mechanism | Engineering number and location of CD3ζ ITAMs. | [92] | |
| Signal output mechanism | Mutating all lysine residues in the cytoplasmic domain. | [121] | |
| Signal output mechanism | Introducing CD3ε, γ and δ cytoplasmic domain. | [66,77,93,122–124] | |
| Signal output mechanism | Building CAR on TCR to retain total CD3 diversity. | [125–131] | |
| TCR-T | Antigen recognition mechanism |
Grouping TCR clusters and predicting reactive TCR clones. | [132–143] |
| Mechano-sensing mechanism | Engineering catch bonds between TCR and pMHC to improve sensitivity but reduce cross-reactions. | [145] | |
| Signal output mechanism | Co-transduction of ATAM to enhance proliferation and persistence. | [146,147] |
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.