Table 7
The types of energy management units, energy conversion efficiency, output, and tracking accuracy reported in the literatures
| Type | Conversion efficiency | Output | Tracking accuracy | Year | Ref. |
| TEG MPPT | 65% | 435‒710 mV | ‒ | 2015 | [286] |
| PENG MPPT | 68% | 55 mW | ‒ | 2017 | [287] |
| 70.03% | 65.9 mW | ‒ | 2017 | [288] | |
| Solar cells MPPT | 18.71% | 0.539 W | 99.25% | 2024 | [282] |
| 22.5% | 300 W m−2 | 98% | 2023 | [289] | |
| RF MPPT | 42% | 1.6 μW | ‒ | 2021 | [279] |
| 70% | 50 nW | ‒ | 2021 | [290] | |
| hybrid MPPT circuit | ‒ | 92.5% | 99.1% | 2023 | [291] |
| 85.7% | 0.053‒132,600 μW | TEG: 98% Solar cells: 98.1% |
2023 | [292] |
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