This figure illustrates a cloud BMS framework, which consists of four subsystems: the end layer (real-time battery data acquisition via sensors and embedded controllers), the edge layer (localized processing and anomaly detection using lightweight AI models), the cloud layer (centralized data storage, digital twins, and predictive analytics), and the knowledge layer (AI-driven optimization and adaptive decision-making). Data flows bidirectionally across layers, enabling scalable, real-time, and intelligent battery lifecycle management.