Research progress of magnesium-ion, calcium-ion and aluminum-ion batteries. (A) GCD curves at 8 A g⁻¹ of NiOOH/CNT@CC obtained in 1 M MgCl₂ and 1 M KOH. (B) Schematic diagram of the as-assembled FAMIBs. (C) Optical photo and structural schematic of the self-powered photoelectric sensing fabric. (A–C) Reproduced with permission from [91]. Copyright©2024, The Author(s). (D) The comparison of GCD curves from three electrode. (E) Schematic diagram of the FAMIBs. (F) Capacity retention of FAMIBs under different bending angles. (D–F) Reproduced with permission from [92]. Copyright©2024, The Author(s). (G) Schematic illustration of the full configuration of FACIBs. (H) GCD profiles under different bending angles at a fixed length (2 cm) and bending radius (0.5 cm) (inset: photographs for the bending test). (G, H) Reproduced with permission from [93]. Copyright©2024, Elsevier. (I) GCD profiles at different bending angles of fiber aqueous Al-ion battery. Reproduced with permission from [25]. Copyright©2022, The Author(s).