Table 1
Summary of electrode fabrication techniques
| Fabrication technique | Scalability | Cost | Performance optimization potential | Advantage | Limitation |
| Surface coating | Suitable for large-scale and rapid processing | Low | Improve performance via surface modification and binder optimization | Simple, versatile, compatible with various materials | Poor adhesion and mechanical robustness; limited mass loading |
| In-situ growth | Restricted by substrate compatibility and reaction conditions | Medium | Strong interfacial bonding, tunable morphology, and high structural integrity | Excellent adhesion, mechanical stability, and active material utilization | Strict reaction conditions; scalability and uniformity challenges along long fibers |
| Solution spinning | Continuous fiber production possible | Medium | Tunable porosity, flexibility, adaptable to multifunctional designs | Enables self-supporting, flexible electrodes with controlled composition | Limited conductivity and mass loading; often requires post-treatments |
| Thermal drawing | Suitable for large-scale and rapid processing | High | Offers precise structural control and integration potential | Excellent integration of multiple functional layers; suitable for scalable manufacturing | Limited by thermal compatibility and active material loading; relatively high cost |
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