Table 2
Comparative summary of development status and key challenges for different fiber-shaped aqueous battery systems
| Battery system | Key property | Dominant reaction mechanism | Core advantage | Fundamental bottleneck |
| Li+/Na+ FABs | Small hydrated radius, fast diffusion | Intercalation (rocking-chair) | Inherited high performance & maturity from commercial chemistry | Limited electrolyte window: the narrow thermodynamic stability window of water (~1.23 V) intrinsically caps energy density. |
| Zn2+ FABs | Plating/stripping | Anode: deposition/dissolution; Cathode: intercalation/conversion |
High volumetric capacity & practical safety, enabling rapid development | Zn anode interfacial instability: dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and passivation during cycling. |
| Mg2+/Ca2+/Al3+ FABs | High charge density, strong polarization | Intercalation/conversion | High theoretical capacity via multi-electron transfer per ion | Sluggish solid-state kinetics: Strong electrostatic interactions severely hinder ion diffusion in electrode lattices. |
| NH4+ FABs (FAABs) | Small hydrated radius, forms H-bonds | Intercalation | Ultra-fast diffusion kinetics and unique non-metallic sustainability | Material gap: scarcity of high-capacity host materials, especially for the anode. |
| Alkaline FABs | Enables specific redox couples | Complex (OER/ORR in Zn-air; Ni(OH)2/NiOOH in Ni-Zn) | Favorable reaction kinetics & high power/energy density in base | Corrosive electrolyte: degradation of components (catalysts, current collectors) in strong alkaline media. |
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