Nonvolatile flash memory embedded with Pt nanocrystals as the floating gate. (a), (b) The percolation model for gate leakage and comparison between continuous metal floating gate and metal nanocrystals floating gate in terms of charge leakage probability. (c) Comparison of speed, retention time, on/off ratio of 2D flash memory. (d) The formation process of Pt nanocrystals. A thin metal wetting layer of Pt deposited by EBE was transformed into nanocrystals by the RTA process. (e) SEM images of Pt nanocrystals. (f) Schematic structure diagram of the floating gate memory based on discrete Pt nanocrystals/h-BN/MoS₂ van der Waals heterostructures. (g) A cross-sectional transmission electron microscope image of the device, highlighting the sharp and clean interfaces between different layers. (h) Elemental mapping image of the flash memory.