(a) Schematic illustration of rosin-driven pore engineering. (b) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of Pine HC. Scale bars = 5 nm. On the right side are the structures resulting from refinements against crystal length (L_a), thickness (L_c) and d₀₀₂ of the HC. (c) Na storage mechanism probed via in situ SAXS, correlating scattering evolution with the low-voltage plateau region (<0.1 V) during desodiation. (d) Cycling performance of 4.5-Ah laminated NFM111||Pine HC pouch cell at 0.5 C within 1.5–4.2 V.