RESEARCH ARTICLE

F/N co-doped carbon coating on graphite for high-rate, long-cycle-life lithium-ion batteries

¹ Engineering Research Center of Advanced Semiconductor Technology and Application of Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory of Power Semiconductor and Integration Technology, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
² Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
³ State Grid Hunan Electric Company Limited Disaster Prevention and Reduction Center, Changsha 410007, China
⁴ State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Reduction for Power Grid, Changsha 410007, China

^* Corresponding authors (emails: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. (Baohui Chen); This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. (Ming Zhang))

Received: 17 December 2025
Revised: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 15 January 2026

Abstract

The urgent demand for sustainable energy storage systems has driven extensive research on high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, graphite anodes have inherent drawbacks such as surface heterogeneity and limited rate performance. We developed an F/N co-doped carbon-coated graphite anode (G@FN) to tackle these challenges. Specifically, F-doping induces the formation of a highly ionically conductive LiF-rich SEI film. Furthermore, N-doping enhances the electrical conductivity of materials. This synergistic effect significantly enhances interfacial stability and lithium storage kinetics. The G@FN core-shell anode material exhibits a high specific capacity of 402.05 mAh g⁻¹ and excellent cycling stability (maintaining a specific capacity of 113.19 mAh g⁻¹ after 350 cycles at 2 C, with a capacity retention rate of 91.66%). This work demonstrates a simple and cost-effective artificial interfacial engineering strategy, providing methods for advancing high-rate and long-cycle-life graphite-based LIBs.