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All issues Volume 4 / No 6 (2025) Natl Sci Open, 4 6 (2025) 20250044 Full HTML
Open Access
Review

Table 1

Summary of improvement strategies for high utilization rate zinc anodes

Strategy Anode Electrolyte Zinc utilization rate (%) Current density (mA cm−2) Areal capacity (mAh cm−2) Voltage hysteresis (mV) Cycle time (h) Ref.
Electrolyte component optimization Zn@Cu 1 M ZnSO4 in 90:10 water/acetonitrile 50 2 2 50 650 [55]
Zn 4 M Zn(TFSI)2 + 4 M P444(2OI)-TFSI a 20 2.5 2.5 150 300 [56]
Zn Sulfolane:H2O = 1:3 + 2 M ZnCl2 96 24 24 190 110 [57]
80 20 40 50
Zn ZnSO4-H2O-NMP 85.6 5 10 ~40 200 [34]
Zn 3 M ZnSO4 + 0.6 mM Zn(BF4)2 34.2 10 2 45.2 500 [58]
51.3 10 3 52.8 360
68.4 10 4 – 120
50 20 10 – 287
Zn 2 M ZnSO4 + 8.5 M La(NO3)3 80 10 5.93 ~100 160 [59]
80 1 13.5 ~60 450
Zn 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.5 g L−1 saccharin 22.2 10 10 ~110 550 [60]
Zn 1 M ZnSO4 + 10 mM glucose 8.5 5 5 94 270 [33]
Zn 1 M ZnSO4 + 0.01 M Ce2(SO4)3 5.7 1 1 45.5 400 [29]
5.7 5 1 83.3 700
ZnVO 1 M ZnOTF in SiBE 54 5 3.2 ~100 1800 [61]
Zn 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.12 M pyridine 80 2 6.3 ~185 575 [62]
Zn Carrageenan and wool keratin + 1 M ZnSO4 17.1 10 10 ~230 50 [63]
34.1 20 20 ~260 65
Zn 4 M Zn(BF4)2/EG 50 0.5 5 ~100 200 [64]
Zn 2 M ZnSO4 + 10 mM DMI 98 2 28.4 ~50 550 [35]
Zn 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.2 M PNO 85 2.5 5 150 85 [65]
Zn 2 M Zn(ClO4)2 + PMCNA 90 2 11.6 ~45 420 [66]
Zn 2 M ZnCl2 + 75% H2O + 25% SL b 96 24 24 ~100 110 [57]
80 20 40 ~70 50
Zn 2 M Zn(TFMS)2c + 50% H2O + 50% DME d + 50 mM I− 75.5 8.85 13.35 ~150 300 [67]
Zn Zn(BF4)2/Zn(Ac)2 in water/TEGDME e 60 9.39 9.39 256 150 [68]
Zn 2 M Zn(OTf)2 + 4 wt% PVEMAf 77.7 1 10 ~45 250 [69]
Zn 2 M ZnSO4 + 50 mM methylurea (Mu) 42 10 5 70 600 [70]
Zn@Cu 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.3 M glutamine 70 3.352 6.704 50 900 [71]
Zn Protonated-CS electrolyte 11.8/40.1/55.9/70.3/97.4 20 20 100 50/20/30/20/20 [72]
Zn 1 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 in H2O/N-propanol = 1:4 70.07/80.75/90.00/95.18 5 12/14/16/18 400 885/517/310/120 [73]
Zn GBL/Zn(BF4)2·6H2O = 4:1 (molar ratio) 50 1 30 50 400 [74]
91.5 1 55 50 400
Functional interface layer modification Zn@Polymer glue-coated 2 M ZnSO4 90 5 10.2 50 1000 [75]
Zn@PI 2 M ZnSO4 85 4 2 25 300 [41]
Zn@PA 2 M ZnSO4 85 10 10 80 150 [39]
Zn@ZnP 2 M ZnSO4 51 20 30 102.4 300 [76]
82 15 48 100 100
Zn@ZnF2 2 M ZnSO4 8.5 10 10 56.4 590 [37]
Zn@ILG 2 M ZnSO4 90 0.1 0.1 ~50 1000 [77]
90 1 0.5 ~53 400
90 2 1 ~65 400
Zn@In-PAM 1 M ZnSO4 57 10 10 ~80 400 [78]
28.5 5 5 50 1700
Zn@AZO g 2 M ZnSO4 34.1 10 2 ~67 600 [79]
80 10 4.69 ~80 200
Zn@Nafion-Zn-X 2 M ZnSO4 56.9 1 10 50 1000 [43]
Zn@TiO2-PVDF h 1 M ZnSO4 5.7 1 1 42 460 [12]
11.4 2 2 ~61 280
Zn@AEC i 2 M ZnSO4 60 8.85 8.85 ~90 250 [80]
Zn/PG j 2 M ZnSO4 ~7.5 5 0.5 89 360 [31]
~15 1 1 51 400
Zn@ZnSnF 2 M ZnSO4 50 30 5 ~100 250 [81]
Zn@ZnO(002) 2 M ZnSO4 85.6 2 10 ~100 500 [82]
Zn@4-4Mpy 2 M ZnSO4 90 10 9 200 500 [83]
Zn@HZF k 2 M ZnSO4 67 2 10 ~20 300 [84]
Zn@ZIF-8 2 M ZnSO4 85 50 50 ~100 90 [85]
Zn@(ZAP + [BN]/Zn/Ag/Cu) 2 M ZnSO4 85.5 5 5 ~100 440 [86]
Zn@ZnF2/CuZn 1 M ZnSO4 (Zn-I cell) 34 7.7 6 – 300 cycles [87]
Zn@Cu (200 nm) 2 M ZnSO4 85.5 5 5 ~100 334 [38]
Zn@MPVMT l 2 M ZnSO4 (Zn-MnO2 cell) 51.5 5 2.5 – 200 cycles [88]
Zn@AZO 2 M ZnSO4 34.1 10 2 ~40 600 [79]
80 10 4.69 ~50 200
Zn@CNF m/MXene 3 M Zn (CF3SO3)2 88.2 100 100 ~250 120 [89]
pZn/In 2 M ZnSO4 + 20 mM ZnI2 (Zn-S cell) 38.5 10 2.5 – 285 [90]
Zn@ZnS@Cu 2 M ZnSO4 (Zn-MnO2 cell) 85 3 4.35 – 100 [91]
Novel host structural design Porous Zn 2 M Zn(OTf)2 71 5 10 100 200 [46]
Zn@CNT 2 M ZnSO4 28 2 2 27 200 [50]
35 5 2.5 68 110
Zn@CC 29 2 2 34 53
Zn foil 25 5 2.5 79 43
Zn@CNT 2 M ZnSO4 40 2 A g−1 based on the mass of deposited Zn – ~500 83 [92]
81 4 A g−1 based on the mass of deposited Zn – 850 33
Zn (002) 2 M Zn(OTf)2 6 10 – 97.2 200 [93]
Zn-Mn alloy 2 M ZnSO4 10.9 80 16 ~375 800 [47]
Zn@ZIF-8-500 2 M ZnSO4 20 1 1 ~57 50 [94]
Zn (002) 2 M ZnSO4 45.5 10 10 ~100 210 [49]
Zn@ZIF-8 2 M ZnSO4 17.1 5 5 ~80 400 [95]
ZnSn-1 alloy 2 M ZnSO4 35.2 5 5 ~150 240 [96]
Zn@SLM n 2 M ZnSO4 90 14.2 7.1 ~58 187 [97]
CuZn5 1 M ZnSO4 + 0.5 M Na2SO4 + 1 g L−1 PAM + 0.1 M MnSO4 80 2 4 93.1 280 [98]
Zn/EVA+CNTs 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.2 M MnSO4 7.26 10 1 ~150 100 [54]
Cu@Gr 2 M ZnSO4 33.3 110 2 ~40 300 [99]
(C2F4)n-C@Cu 2 M ZnSO4 40 5 2 ~30 900 [100]
Zn@CNF 2 M ZnSO4 60 4 3 ~50 60.75 [101]
Zn@3DGs 2 M ZnSO4 5 2 1 100 1100 [102]

a: TFSI = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide; b: SL = sulfolane; c: TFMS = trifluoromethanesulfonate; d: DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane; e: TEGDME = tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether; f: PVEMA = a polymer additive copolymerized by 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (VEImOTf) and methacrylamide (MAAm); g: AZO = aluminum-doped zinc oxide; h: PVDF = polyvinylidene Fluoride; i: AEC = anti-corrosion elastic constraint; j: PG = pristine graphene; k: HZF = hydrophobic-zincophilic interfacial nanofilm; l: MPVMT = monolayer porous vermiculites; m: CNF = carbon nanofiber framework; n: SLM = stacked lamellar matrix.

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