Electrochemical performance of 1D N-mC in a three-electrode system. (a) Comparative CV curves of three materials at 10 mV s⁻¹; (b) CV curves of 1D N-mC; (c) comparative GCD profiles of three materials at 2 A g⁻¹; (d) GCD profiles of 1D N-mC; (e) amplified fit of impedance and equivalent circuit diagram; (f) specific capacitance comparison of three materials; (g) logarithmic current vs. logarithmic scan rate obtained in the cathodic direction; (h) typical charge storage contributions from capacitive and diffusion processes in 1D N-mC at 10 mV s⁻¹ from cyclic voltammetry; (i) comparative histogram of percentage contributions from capacitive and diffusion-controlled charge storage in 1D N-mC at scan rates from 10 to 200 mV s⁻¹.